Heavier7strings 7 Stringed For Mac

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By Xah Lee. Date: . Last updated: .

On MacOS terminal, sometimesthe command ls will show an at sign @. What does it mean?

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That means the file has Extended file attributes.

Here's a quote from man ls:

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If the file or directory has extended attributes, the permissions fieldprinted by the -l option is followed by a '@' character. Otherwise, ifthe file or directory has extended security information (such as an accesscontrol list), the permissions field printed by the -l option is followedby a '+' character.

What's Extended Attribute?

Summary:

  • Standard Attributes. For example, creation date, modification date, permission.
  • Extended Attributes Stores extra, customizable, small info. For example, author name, file character encoding, short comments, security status.
  • Resource Fork. Widely used before Mac OS X , can be considered as a more elaborate extended attribute system, and may also hold main data of the file. (See: Mac OS X Resource Fork and Command Line Tips)

View Extended Attribute with ls

ls -l -@ filename

Show Attribute with xattr

xattr filename

To see how to use xattr, do

  • man xattr
  • xattr -h

Delete All Extended Attribute

To deletes all extended attributes:

xattr -c filename

What to Put in Extended Attribute?

Extended Attributes are name/value pairs. The names areUnicode characters of less than 128 bytes. (they are probably encoded in utf-8 or utf-16) The values can be text or binary, recommended to be less than 4 kibibit.

There's no standardize structure for names. Anyone can add a attribute named for example “xyz” to a particular file. Apple recommends the use of reverse DNS naming scheme to prevent name clash. This is the same scheme adopted by Java. Example:

If you have a domain name, such as “example.com” then your attribute name for file of author can be “com.example.author”. If you don't have a domain name, just make sure the name is not likely used by others.

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